# Split alpha_out (owner / miners / validators)

This page shows how a subnet's alpha_out is divided among participants, then points to the rest of the flow.

_Source: https://taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works/split-alpha-out_

_Last reviewed: 2026-10-16_

> [!NOTE]
> **Where we are — step 3 of the [emission flow](https://taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works)**
>
> How we got here:
>
> 1. [TAO emission](https://taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works/tao-emission) — TAO split across subnets.
> 2. [Alpha emission](https://taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works/alpha-emission) — each subnet mints `alpha_in` + `alpha_out`.
>
> **This page (step 3):** split the 1 α/block of `alpha_out` among the subnet owner, miners, and validators.

This page shows how a subnet's `alpha_out` is divided among participants, then points to the rest of the flow.

![Cascading flow diagram of one alpha emission split among subnet owner, validators, and miners, then through hotkey allocations and a root:alpha stake split to validator and stakeholders](https://taostats.io/images/docs/concepts/taostats-subnet-emission-distribution-flow-diagram.png)

## The `alpha_out` split (1 α/block)

Each subnet has its own split, stored on chain as `SubnetEmissionWeights`. New subnets start on the default:

* **Subnet owners** receive **18%** of subnet emission.
* **[Miners](https://taostats.io/docs/concepts/miners/consensus-for-miners)** receive **41%** of emissions.
* **[Validators](https://taostats.io/docs/concepts/validators/dividends-for-validators)** receive **41%** of emissions — which is then further divided amongst their stakeholders (steps 4–6).

## Per-subnet splits

The subnet owner can change the split once every 50,400 blocks (about 7 days), within these limits:

| Share | Allowed |
|---|---|
| Owner | 0% to 33% (lease subnets: at least 18%) |
| Validators | at most 50%, and above root's baseline share on the subnet |
| Miners | at least 33% |

Root TAO stakers are paid their baseline share of the subnet's emission off the top of the validator share every block, whatever split the owner picks. The baseline is what root would earn with the default 41% validator share and the network-wide `TaoWeight`. A cut to the validator share comes out of alpha stakers' dividends, and the validator share must stay above root's baseline. Full rules and the formulas: [eTao](https://taostats.io/docs/concepts/protocol-changes/etao).

To read a subnet's current split, use the `get_subnet_emission_weights` runtime API, or `btcli subnets emission show --netuid <netuid>`.

## What's next

**Step 4 — [Parent / child hotkeys](https://taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works/emission-parent-hotkeys):** aggregate each validator's dividends across its parent and child hotkeys. Then:

* Step 5: [Root vs alpha split](https://taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works/stakeholder-emissions-root-vs-alpha) — divide the validator's dividends into root and alpha proportions.
* Step 6: award stakeholder rewards — [root](https://taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works/stakeholder-emissions-root) and [alpha](https://taostats.io/docs/concepts/how-emission-works/stakeholder-emissions-alpha).